ʻO nā ketones a me nā esters ʻelua o nā hui hana koʻikoʻi loa i ka kemika organik. Loaʻa lākou i nā ʻano hui organik like ʻole a pāʻani i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā kaʻina hana olaola a me kemika he nui. ʻOiai ko lākou ʻano like, ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou mau ʻano a me nā hana. E ʻimi kākou i ke ʻano o nā ketones a me nā esters, pehea lākou e ʻokoʻa ai, pehea lākou e like ai, a me ke ʻano o lākou i ka kemika a me ka biology.
ʻO nā Ketones kahi papa o nā hui organik i loaʻa kahi hui hana carbonyl (C=O) ma waenakonu o ka molekala. Loaʻa i nā Ketones ʻelua mau hui alkyl a aryl paha i hoʻopili ʻia i ke kalapona carbonyl. ʻO ka mea maʻalahi loa o kēia, ʻo ia ka acetone, nona ke ʻano (CH3)2CO. Hana ʻia lākou e ka haki ʻana o ka momona i loko o ke kino. ʻIke ʻia hoʻi he mau kino ketone, ʻo nā ketones nā kemika i hana ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai kou kino e wāwahi i ka momona ma kahi o nā kalapona no ka ikehu.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā ketones mai nā waikawa momona i loko o ke akepaʻa a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kahe koko, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu no nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻōpū o ke kino. Ke ketosis ke kino, hilinaʻi ia i nā ketones ma ke ʻano he kumu wahie mua, ma mua o ka glucose, ʻo ia ke kumu i kaulana ai ka ʻai ketogenic i nā makahiki i hala iho nei. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole i hana wale ʻia nā ketones i ka wā hoʻokē ʻai a i ʻole ka ʻai ketogenic. Hiki ke hana ʻia lākou i ka wā e kaumaha ai ke kino, e like me ka wā o ka hoʻoikaika kino, a i ʻole ka nele o ka insulin i loko o ke kino, hiki ke hana i nā poʻe me ka maʻi diabetes.
ʻEkolu mau ketones i hana ʻia i ka wā ketosis: acetone, acetoacetate, a me beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). I waena o lākou, ʻo ka acetone kahi ketone i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kino ma o ka hanu ʻana, kahi e hana ai i kahi ʻala huaʻai a ʻono paha i ka hanu, i ʻike nui ʻia ʻo "keto breath". He hōʻailona paha kēia ua komo kou kino i kahi kūlana ketosis. ʻO Acetoacetate, kekahi ketone, i hana ʻia i loko o ke akepaʻa a hoʻohana ʻia e nā hunaola kino no ka ikehu. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻololi pū ia i BHB, ke ʻano maʻamau o ka ketone i loko o ke koko i ka wā ketosis. Hiki i ka BHB ke hele maʻalahi i ka pale koko-lolo, no laila e hoʻoikaika ai i ka lolo a hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maopopo o ka noʻonoʻo a me ka nānā ʻana.
He mau hui organik nā Esters me ka hana RCOOR', kahi ʻo R a me R' kekahi hui organik. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Esters i ka wā e hana ai nā waikawa carboxylic a me nā alcohols ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic a hoʻopau i kahi mole o ka wai. Loaʻa pinepine lākou i nā aila koʻikoʻi a me nā huaʻai he nui. No ka laʻana, ʻo ke ʻala i loko o nā maiʻa pala mai kahi ester i kapa ʻia ʻo isoamyl acetate. Loaʻa i nā Esters nā waiwai kūikawā e hoʻolilo iā lākou i waiwai nui i nā ʻoihana like ʻole.
1. Nā ʻala
ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻohana maʻamau o nā esters i loko o nā mea ʻala a me nā mea ʻala ma muli o ko lākou ʻala ʻono, huaʻai a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi, a kōkua pū lākou i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻala holoʻokoʻa o kahi huahana, e ʻoi aku ka hoihoi i nā mea hoʻohana.
2. ʻOno meaʻai
ʻO ke ʻano kemika kū hoʻokahi o nā esters e hiki ai iā lākou ke hāʻawi i nā ʻala huaʻai a me nā pua, no laila hoʻohana ʻia nā esters i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā mea ʻono. He mea maʻamau ia i nā meaʻai he nui e like me nā mea ʻono, nā mea i hoʻomoʻa ʻia a me nā mea inu. I ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā esters i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻono artificial a ua lilo i mau mea hoʻohui kumu i nā meaʻai he nui.
3. Palakiko
Ma ke ʻano he mau plasticizers, hana nā esters i nā plastics i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a me ke kūpaʻa. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia nā esters i ka hana ʻana o nā plastics like ʻole, a kōkua pū lākou i ka pale ʻana i nā plastics mai ka lilo ʻana i mea palupalu i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no nā huahana paʻa e like me nā ʻāpana kaʻa a i ʻole nā mea lapaʻau.
4. Mea hoʻoheheʻe
No ka mea hiki i nā esters ke hoʻoheheʻe i nā mea olaola e like me nā aila, nā resins a me nā momona. No laila, he mea pono nā esters i nā ʻoihana he nui e like me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe. He mau mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi nā Esters, kahi e pono ai lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā pena, nā varnish a me nā mea hoʻopili.
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ketones a me nā esters, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ketones a me nā esters ma nā ʻano penei:
1. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā ketones a me nā esters ma ke ʻano kemika. Aia ka hui carbonyl o nā ketones ma waenakonu o ke kaulahao kalapona, ʻoiai aia ka hui carbonyl o nā esters ma ka hopena o ke kaulahao kalapona. ʻO kēia ʻokoʻa hoʻonohonoho e alakaʻi i nā ʻokoʻa i ko lākou mau waiwai kino a me kemika.
●ʻO nā Ketones he mau hui organik nona kahi hui carbonyl i haku ʻia me kahi ʻātoma oxygen i hoʻopaʻa pālua ʻia i kahi ʻātoma kalapona aia ma waenakonu o ke kaulahao kalapona. ʻO kā lākou ʻano kemika ʻo R-CO-R', kahi ʻo R a me R' he alkyl a aryl paha. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Ketones e ka oxidation o nā alcohols lua a i ʻole ka ʻoki ʻana o nā waikawa carboxylic. Ke hana nei hoʻi lākou i ka tautomerism keto-enol, ʻo ia hoʻi hiki iā lākou ke noho ma nā ʻano ketone a me enol. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Ketones i ka hana ʻana o nā solvents, nā mea polymer a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
●He mau hui organik nā Esters me kahi hui carbonyl ma ka hopena o ke kaulahao kalapona a me kahi hui R i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi ʻātoma oxygen. ʻO kā lākou ʻano kemika ʻo R-COOR', kahi ʻo R a me R' he alkyl a aryl paha. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Esters e ka hopena o nā waikawa carboxylic me nā alcohols i ke alo o kahi catalyst. He ʻala huaʻai ko lākou a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻala, nā essences a me nā plasticizers.
2.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa maopopo loa ma waena o nā ketones a me nā esters ʻo ko lākou kiko paila. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kiko paila o nā ketones ma mua o nā esters no ka mea he ikaika ko lākou mau mana intermolecular. Hiki i ka hui carbonyl i loko o kahi ketone ke hana i nā pilina hydrogen me nā mole ketone kokoke, e hopena ana i nā mana intermolecular ikaika. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, nāwaliwali nā mana intermolecular o nā esters ma muli o ka hiki ʻole o nā ʻātoma oxygen i loko o ka hui R ke hana i nā pilina hydrogen me nā mole ester kokoke.
3.Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa ka reactivity o nā ketones a me nā esters. Ma muli o ke alo o ʻelua mau hui alkyl a i ʻole aryl ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka hui carbonyl, ʻoi aku ka reactive o nā ketones ma mua o nā esters. Hiki i kēia mau hui ke hāʻawi i nā electrons i ka carbonyl, e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻouka kaua nucleophilic. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka reactive o nā esters ma muli o ke alo o kahi hui alkyl a i ʻole aryl ma ka ʻātoma oxygen. Hiki i kēia hui ke hāʻawi i nā electrons i ka ʻātoma oxygen, e emi ana ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻouka kaua nucleophilic.
4. Ma muli o nā ʻano like ʻole, nā kiko paila a me ka reactivity o nā ketones a me nā esters, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o kā lākou hoʻohana. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Ketones i ka hana ʻana i nā solvents, nā mea polymer a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoiai hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā esters i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻala, nā mea ʻono a me nā plasticizers. Hoʻohana ʻia nā Ketones ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui wahie i loko o ka gasoline, ʻoiai hoʻohana ʻia nā esters ma ke ʻano he lubricants i nā mīkini.
Ua ʻike mua mākou i nā kikoʻī o nā ketones a me nā esters, no laila he aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ketones, esters a me ether?
ʻO ka mea mua, pono mākou e ʻike i ke ʻano o ka ether? Loaʻa i ka ether kahi ʻātoma oxygen i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻātoma kalapona. He hui lākou i ʻike ʻia no kona mau waiwai narcotic. ʻAʻohe kala o ka ether, ʻaʻole i like ka paʻa me ka wai, a he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi no nā hui organik ʻē aʻe e like me nā aila a me nā momona. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui wahie i nā mīkini gasoline e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana o nā mīkini.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano kemika a me nā hoʻohana ʻana o kēia mau mea ʻekolu, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike maopopo he ʻokoʻa nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ketones, esters a me ether e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻelua:
1. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi loa e hiki ai iā mākou ke ʻike ma waena o nā ketones, esters, a me ether ʻo kā lākou mau hui hana. Loaʻa i nā Ketones nā hui carbonyl, loaʻa i nā esters nā loulou ester-COO-, a ʻaʻohe hui hana o nā ethers. Loaʻa i nā Ketones a me nā esters kekahi mau ʻano like i nā waiwai kemika. He polar nā hui ʻelua a hiki ke hana i nā pilina hydrogen me nā molekala ʻē aʻe, akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā pilina hydrogen i loko o nā ketones ma mua o nā esters, e hopena ana i kahi kiko paila kiʻekiʻe.
2.ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana like ʻole o nā mea ʻekolu
(1)ʻO kekahi o nā hoʻohana maʻamau o nā ketones ʻo ia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe no nā resins, waxes, a me nā aila. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā kemika maikaʻi, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā agrochemicals. Hoʻohana ʻia nā Ketones e like me ka acetone i ka hana ʻana i nā plastics, fibers a me nā pena.
(2)Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Esters i nā ʻoihana meaʻai a me nā mea hoʻonani no ko lākou ʻala ʻoluʻolu a me ka ʻono. Hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi lākou ma ke ʻano he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe no nā ʻīnika, nā varnish a me nā polymers. Hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi nā Esters i ka hana ʻana o nā resins, plasticizers a me nā surfactants.
(3)He nui nā hoʻohana o ka ether ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai kūikawā. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā solvents, anesthetics a me surfactants, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā fumigants e pale i nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia mai nā mea ʻino a me nā maʻi fungal. Hoʻohana ʻia hoʻi ka ether i ka hana ʻana o nā resins epoxy, nā mea hoʻopili a me nā mea cladding.
Loaʻa i nā Ketones a me nā esters nā noi ākea i ka kemika organik a he mau poloka kūkulu ia o nā kaʻina hana ʻoihana he nui. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā ketones ma ke ʻano he solvents, i ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā polymers. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻohana ʻia nā Esters i ka ʻoihana ʻala a me ka hoʻonaninani, ma ke ʻano he mea ʻono i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, ma ke ʻano he solvents, a i loko hoʻi o nā pena a me nā uhi.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Iune-14-2023
