ʻO nā ketones a me nā esters ʻelua o nā pūʻulu hana koʻikoʻi i ka kemika organik. Loaʻa iā lākou i loko o nā ʻano mea like ʻole like ʻole a hoʻokani i nā kuleana koʻikoʻi i nā kaʻina hana olaola a me nā kemika. ʻOiai ko lākou ʻano like, ʻokoʻa nā ʻano a me nā ʻano. E ʻimi kākou i ke ʻano o nā ketones a me nā esters, pehea ko lākou ʻokoʻa, pehea ko lākou ʻano like, a me ke ʻano o ia mau mea ma ke kemika a me ka biology.
ʻO nā Ketones kahi papa o nā mea hoʻohuihui i loaʻa kahi hui hana carbonyl (C=O) i waenakonu o ka mole. Loaʻa i nā Ketones ʻelua mau pūʻulu alkyl a i ʻole aril i pili i ke kalapona kalapona. ʻO ka mea maʻalahi o kēia mau mea he acetone, nona ke ʻano (CH3)2CO. Hana ʻia lākou e ka haki ʻana o ka momona i loko o ke kino. ʻIke ʻia hoʻi ʻo nā kino ketone, ʻo nā ketones nā kemika i hana ʻia i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai kou kino e wāwahi i ka momona ma mua o nā kalapona no ka ikehu.
Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Ketones mai nā waikawa momona i loko o ke ake a hoʻokuʻu ʻia i loko o ke kahe koko, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu no nā sela a me nā ʻāpana o ke kino. Aia ke kino i ka ketosis, hilinaʻi ia i nā ketones e like me kāna kumu wahie mua, ma mua o ka glucose, ʻo ia ke kumu i kaulana loa ai ka ʻai ketogenic i nā makahiki i hala. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hana ʻia nā ketones i ka wā hoʻokē ʻai a i ʻole ka meaʻai ketogenic. Hiki ke hana ʻia i ka wā e pilikia ai ke kino, e like me ka wā hoʻoikaika kino, a i ʻole ka nele o ka insulin i loko o ke kino, hiki ke loaʻa i ka poʻe me ka maʻi diabetes.
ʻEkolu mau ketone i hana ʻia i ka wā ketosis: acetone, acetoacetate, a me beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). Ma waena o lākou, ʻo ka acetone kahi ketone i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ke kino ma o ka hanu ʻana, kahi e hoʻohua ai i ka ʻala a i ʻole ka ʻala i ka hanu, i kapa ʻia ʻo "keto breath". He hōʻailona paha kēia ua komo kou kino i kahi kūlana ketosis. ʻO ka Acetoacetate, kekahi ketone, i hana ʻia i loko o ke ake a hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻili kino no ka ikehu. Eia nō naʻe, hoʻololi ia i BHB, ka ʻano ketone maʻamau i loko o ke koko i ka wā ketosis. Hiki iā BHB ke hele maʻalahi i ka pale koko-lolo, a laila e hoʻoikaika i ka lolo a hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka noʻonoʻo a me ka noʻonoʻo.
ʻO nā Esters nā pūhui kino me ka RCOOR' hana, kahi o R a me R' kekahi pūʻulu olaola. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Esters i ka wā e hana ai nā ʻakika carboxylic a me nā waiʻona ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic a hoʻopau i kahi mole wai. Loaʻa pinepine ʻia lākou i nā aila pono a me nā hua he nui. No ka laʻana, ʻo ka ʻala o ka maiʻa pala e loaʻa mai i kahi ester i kapa ʻia ʻo isoamyl acetate. Loaʻa i nā Esters nā waiwai kūʻokoʻa e waiwai ai lākou i nā ʻoihana like ʻole.
1. Na mea ala
ʻO kekahi o ka hoʻohana maʻamau o nā esters i loko o nā mea ʻala a me nā mea ʻala ma muli o ko lākou ʻono, huaʻala a ʻoluʻolu hoʻi, a kōkua pū lākou i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka ʻala holoʻokoʻa o kahi huahana, e ʻoluʻolu ai i nā mea hoʻohana.
2. ʻono meaʻai
ʻO ke ʻano kemika kūʻokoʻa o nā esters hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i nā ʻala hua a me nā pua, no laila hoʻohana pū ʻia nā esters i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, ʻoi aku hoʻi i nā mea ʻono. He mea maʻamau ia i nā meaʻai he nui e like me ka confectionery, nā mea i kālua ʻia a me nā mea inu. I ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā esters i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻono a ua lilo i mea maʻamau i nā meaʻai he nui.
3. Palaki
Ma ke ʻano he plasticizers, hana nā esters i nā plastic i ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi a paʻa. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia nā esters i ka hana ʻana i nā plastik like ʻole, a kōkua pū lākou i ka pale ʻana i ka palaka mai ka lilo ʻana o ka palaka i ka wā. He mea koʻikoʻi kēia no nā huahana lōʻihi e like me nā ʻāpana automotive a i ʻole nā mea lapaʻau.
4. Mea hoohehee
No ka mea hiki i nā esters ke hoʻopau i nā mea kūlohelohe e like me ka aila, resins a me nā momona. No laila, pono nā esters i nā ʻoihana he nui e like me nā solvents no ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i nā mea ʻē aʻe. He mau mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi nā Esters, kahi e pono ai lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā pena, nā varnish a me nā adhesives.
Ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ketones a me nā esters, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ketones a me nā esters ma nā ʻano aʻe:
1. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa nui ma waena o nā ketones a me nā esters ka mea nui i ka hoʻolālā kemika. Aia ka pūʻulu carbonyl o nā ketones i waenakonu o ke kaulahao kalapona, aʻo ka hui carbonyl o nā esters aia ma ka hope o ke kaulahao kalapona. Ke alakaʻi nei kēia ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i nā ʻokoʻa i ko lākou mau waiwai kino a me nā kemika.
●ʻO nā Ketones nā pūhui kalapona i loaʻa i kahi hui kalapona i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me kahi ʻātoma oxygen i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i kahi ʻātoma kalapona aia i waenakonu o kahi kaulahao kalapona. ʻO kā lākou kumu hoʻohālike kemika ʻo R-CO-R', kahi o R a me R' he alkyl a i ʻole aryl. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Ketones e ka oxidation o nā ʻawaʻawa lua a i ʻole ka wehe ʻana o nā waikawa carboxylic. Loaʻa iā lākou ka tautomerism keto-enol, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke noho ma nā ʻano ketone a me nā ʻano enol. Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā Ketones i ka hana ʻana i nā solvents, nā mea polymer a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau.
●ʻO nā Esters nā pūʻulu kūlohelohe i loaʻa kahi pūʻulu kalapona ma ka hope o kahi kaulahao kalapona a me kahi pūʻulu R i hoʻopili ʻia i kahi ʻātoma oxygen. ʻO kā lākou kumu hoʻohālike kemika ʻo R-COOR', kahi o R a me R' he alkyl a i ʻole aryl. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā Esters e ka hopena o nā waikawa carboxylic me nā waiʻona i mua o kahi catalyst. He ʻala ko lākou a hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻala, essences a me nā plasticizers.
2.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa loa ma waena o nā ketones a me nā esters ʻo ko lākou wahi paila. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka paila paila o nā ketone ma mua o nā esters no ka mea ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā pūʻali intermolecular. Hiki i ka hui kalapona i loko o kahi ketone ke hoʻokumu i nā paʻa hydrogen me nā molekole ketone kokoke, e hopena i nā pūʻali intermolecular ikaika. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻoi aku ka nāwaliwali o nā esters ma muli o ka hiki ʻole o nā ʻātoma oxygen i loko o ka pūʻulu R ke hana i nā paʻa hydrogen me nā molekala ester kokoke.
3.Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa ka reactivity o nā ketones a me nā esters. Ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o ʻelua mau pūʻulu alkyl a i ʻole aryl ma kēlā ʻaoʻao kēia ʻaoʻao o ka pūʻulu carbonyl, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā ketones ma mua o nā esters. Hiki i kēia mau pūʻulu ke hāʻawi i nā electrons i ka carbonyl, e ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻouka kaua nucleophilic. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā esters ma muli o ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hui alkyl a i ʻole aryl ma ka oxygen atom. Hiki i kēia hui ke hāʻawi i nā electrons i ka oxygen atom, e hoʻemi iki i ka hoʻouka kaua nucleophilic.
4. Ma muli o nā ʻano hana like ʻole, nā wahi paila a me ka reactivity o nā ketones a me nā esters, ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā ʻokoʻa o kā lākou hoʻohana. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā Ketones i ka hana ʻana i nā solvents, nā mea polymer a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau, ʻoiai e hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā esters i ka hana ʻana i nā mea ʻala, nā mea ʻono a me nā plasticizers. Hoʻohana pū ʻia nā Ketones i mea hoʻohui wahie i ka ʻaila, ʻoiai e hoʻohana ʻia nā esters ma ke ʻano he lubricants i nā mīkini.
Ua ʻike mua mākou i nā kikoʻī o nā ketones a me nā esters, no laila he aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ketones, esters a me ether?
ʻO ka mea mua, pono mākou e ʻike he aha ka ether? Aia i loko o ka etera kekahi ʻātoma oxygen i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ʻelua mau ʻātoma kalapona. He pūhui ia i ʻike ʻia no kāna mau waiwai narcotic. ʻAʻole waihoʻoluʻu ka etera ma mua o ka wai, a he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe maikaʻi ia no nā mea hoʻohui kino e like me ka aila a me nā momona. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā mea hoʻohui wahie i nā ʻenekini ʻaila e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana o nā ʻenekini.
Ma hope o ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā ʻano hana kemika a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia mau mea ʻekolu, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike maopopo i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ketones, esters a me ether e pili ana i kēia mau ʻaoʻao ʻelua:
1. ʻO kekahi o nā ʻokoʻa kaulana loa e hiki iā mākou ke ʻike ma waena o nā ketones, esters, a me ether ʻo kā lākou hui hana. Loaʻa i nā ketone nā pūʻulu kalapona, loaʻa nā ester i nā loulou ester-COO-, a ʻaʻohe pūʻulu hana o ka etera. Ua like nā ketones a me nā esters i nā waiwai kemika. He polar nā pūhui ʻelua a hiki ke hana i nā paʻa hydrogen me nā molekole ʻē aʻe, akā ʻoi aku ka ikaika o nā paʻa hydrogen i loko o nā ketones ma mua o nā mea i loko o nā esters, e hopena i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka paila.
2.ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa koʻikoʻi he ʻokoʻa ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻekolu
(1)ʻO kekahi o ka hoʻohana maʻamau o nā ketones he mea hoʻoheheʻe no nā resins, waxes, a me nā aila. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou i ka hana ʻana i nā kemika maikaʻi, nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā agrochemical. Hoʻohana ʻia nā ketones e like me ka acetone i ka hana ʻana i nā plastics, fibers a me nā pena.
(2)Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā Esters i nā ʻoihana meaʻai a me nā ʻoihana hoʻonaninani no ko lākou ʻala ʻoluʻolu a me ka ʻono. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe no nā inika, nā varnish a me nā polymers. Hoʻohana ʻia nā Esters i ka hana ʻana i nā resins, plasticizers a me nā surfactants.
(3)He nui ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka ether ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai kūʻokoʻa. Hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā solvents, anesthetics a me nā surfactants, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. I ka ʻoihana mahiʻai, hoʻohana ʻia lākou e like me nā fumigants e pale i nā mea kanu i mālama ʻia mai nā pests a me nā maʻi fungal. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ether i ka hana ʻana i nā resins epoxy, nā mea hoʻopili a me nā mea pale.
Loaʻa nā ketones a me nā esters i ka hoʻohana nui ʻana i ka kemika organik a ke kūkulu nei i nā poloka o nā kaʻina hana ʻenehana. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia nā ketones e like me nā solvents, i ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā polymers. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Esters i ka ʻoihana ʻala a me ka ʻoihana hoʻonaninani, ma ke ʻano he mea ʻono i ka ʻoihana meaʻai, ma ke ʻano he solvents, a me nā pena a me nā uhi.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jun-14-2023
